
AFM
On travaille sur des tableaux de données où
| Groupe 1 | \cdots | Groupe K | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| var. 1 | \cdots | var. J_1 | \cdots | var. 1 | \cdots | var. J_K | |
| Individu 1 | t_{1,(1,1)} | \cdots | t_{1,(1,J_1)} | \cdots | t_{1,(K,1)} | \cdots | t_{1,(K,J_K)} |
| \vdots | \vdots | \vdots | \vdots | \vdots | \vdots | \vdots | \vdots |
| Individu n | t_{n,(1,1)} | \cdots | t_{n,(1,J_1)} | \cdots | t_{n,(K,1)} | \cdots | t_{n,(K,J_K)} |
Étude sur les individus
Étude sur les groupes
Effectuer directement une ACP classique sur le tableau, en ignorant la structure en groupe des variables ?
Exemple jouet: On dispose de 11 variables réparties dans 3 groupes distincts :
Conséquence: Les groupes sont déséquilibrés du point de vue des liaisons. Le groupe A va très fortememt contribuer au premier Axe factoriel. La structur de dépendance des autres groupes ne sera pas visible sur le premier plan factoriel.
Graphique ACP Globale avec domination du Groupe A

Comme pour l’ACP/ACM, il faut identifier la “bonne matrice” à décomposer.
Rappels
Objectifs pour l’AFM
Équilibrer l’influence des groupes : Éviter que la première direction principale globale ne soit portée par un unique groupe dominant.
Respecter la structure interne : Conserver sans altération les corrélations et poids relatifs des variables au sein de chaque groupe.
Préserver la multidimensionnalité : Garantir qu’un groupe riche en dimensions le reste dans l’analyse globale.
Remarque : Les variables x_{\cdot, (k,j)} sont supposées centrées et réduites.
\text{Inertie}_{\text{AFM}} = \sum_{k=1}^{K} \frac{1}{\lambda_1^{(k)}} \text{Inertie}_k
Conséquence géométrique
Avant pondération (\lambda_m^{(k)})
| Groupe_A | Groupe_B | Groupe_C | |
|---|---|---|---|
| comp 1 | 4.699 | 1.167 | 1.169 |
| comp 2 | 0.105 | 0.991 | 0.962 |
| comp 3 | 0.075 | 0.842 | 0.869 |
Après pondération (\lambda_m^{(k)} / \lambda_1^{(k)})
| Groupe_A | Groupe_B | Groupe_C | |
|---|---|---|---|
| comp 1 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| comp 2 | 0.022 | 0.850 | 0.823 |
| comp 3 | 0.016 | 0.721 | 0.744 |
Lecture directe depuis FactoMineR
$separate.analyses[[k]]$eig stocke les valeurs propres brutes de l’ACP du groupe k.$global.pca$eig stocke les valeurs propres brutes de l’ACP pondérée par block.
Valeurs propres et inertie expliquée (ACP globale AFM)
| eigenvalue | percentage of variance | |
|---|---|---|
| comp 1 | 1.325 | 21.368 |
| comp 2 | 1.048 | 16.906 |
| comp 3 | 0.938 | 15.126 |
| comp 4 | 0.818 | 13.197 |
| comp 5 | 0.778 | 12.548 |
L’AFM est une ACP pondérée:
Spécificités de l’AFM: Structure en groupe des variables
On peut obtenir un résumé des principaux résultats en utilisant la fonction summary.
Call:
MFA(base = df_toy, group = c(5, 3, 3), type = c("s", "s", "s"),
name.group = c("Groupe A", "Groupe B", "Groupe C"), graph = FALSE)
Eigenvalues
Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.4 Dim.5
Variance 1.325 1.048 0.938 0.818 0.778
% of var. 21.368 16.906 15.126 13.197 12.548
Cumulative % of var. 21.368 38.274 53.399 66.596 79.144
Groups
Dim.1 ctr cos2 Dim.2 ctr cos2 Dim.3 ctr cos2
Groupe A | 0.066 4.958 0.004 | 0.726 69.213 0.526 | 0.015 1.650 0.000 |
Groupe B | 0.700 52.851 0.219 | 0.151 14.422 0.010 | 0.189 20.108 0.016 |
Groupe C | 0.559 42.190 0.140 | 0.172 16.365 0.013 | 0.734 78.241 0.242 |
Individuals (the 10 first)
Dim.1 ctr cos2 Dim.2 ctr cos2 Dim.3 ctr cos2
1 | 1.094 0.903 0.117 | 2.113 4.258 0.437 | -1.689 3.040 0.279 |
2 | 0.755 0.430 0.170 | -0.073 0.005 0.002 | -1.193 1.516 0.424 |
3 | -0.724 0.396 0.184 | 0.271 0.070 0.026 | -0.532 0.301 0.099 |
4 | 1.581 1.887 0.555 | 0.218 0.045 0.011 | -0.767 0.627 0.130 |
5 | 0.440 0.146 0.045 | -0.346 0.114 0.028 | 0.171 0.031 0.007 |
6 | -0.549 0.228 0.073 | -0.551 0.290 0.074 | 0.963 0.988 0.226 |
7 | -1.106 0.924 0.161 | 1.174 1.315 0.182 | 0.031 0.001 0.000 |
8 | 1.414 1.508 0.201 | -1.635 2.550 0.269 | 0.498 0.264 0.025 |
9 | 1.348 1.372 0.270 | 1.532 2.239 0.348 | 1.450 2.241 0.312 |
10 | -0.574 0.248 0.135 | 0.525 0.263 0.113 | 0.730 0.568 0.218 |
Continuous variables (the 10 first)
Dim.1 ctr cos2 Dim.2 ctr cos2 Dim.3 ctr cos2
A1 | -0.247 0.984 0.061 | -0.825 13.823 0.681 | -0.136 0.422 0.019 |
A2 | 0.246 0.975 0.061 | 0.833 14.102 0.695 | 0.111 0.281 0.012 |
A3 | -0.291 1.356 0.084 | -0.812 13.397 0.660 | -0.119 0.319 0.014 |
A4 | 0.196 0.617 0.038 | 0.835 14.151 0.697 | 0.129 0.376 0.017 |
A5 | -0.253 1.027 0.064 | -0.823 13.741 0.677 | -0.106 0.253 0.011 |
B1 | -0.156 1.584 0.024 | 0.414 14.039 0.172 | -0.004 0.002 0.000 |
B2 | 0.497 15.983 0.247 | 0.068 0.378 0.005 | 0.258 6.066 0.066 |
B3 | 0.739 35.285 0.546 | -0.007 0.004 0.000 | -0.392 14.040 0.154 |
C1 | -0.238 3.668 0.057 | 0.418 14.236 0.174 | -0.440 17.653 0.194 |
C2 | 0.067 0.293 0.005 | 0.043 0.148 0.002 | 0.814 60.396 0.662 |
| Groupe Expert | Groupe Étudiant | Groupe Consommateur | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 colonnes | 15 colonnes | 15 colonnes | |||||||
| Vin 1 | \cdots | \cdots | \cdots | ||||||
| \vdots | \vdots | \vdots | \vdots | ||||||
| Vin 10 | \cdots | \cdots | \cdots | ||||||
L’AFM va nous permettre de :
cepage Int.av.agitation Int.ap.agitation Expression O.fruit
Length :10 Min. :3.9 Min. :4.2 Min. :4.4 Min. :2.1
N.unique : 2 1st Qu.:6.1 1st Qu.:6.6 1st Qu.:6.0 1st Qu.:4.2
N.blank : 0 Median :6.9 Median :7.3 Median :6.4 Median :4.3
Min.nchar: 7 Mean :6.5 Mean :7.0 Mean :6.3 Mean :4.4
Max.nchar: 9 3rd Qu.:7.1 3rd Qu.:7.6 3rd Qu.:6.9 3rd Qu.:5.1
Max. :7.8 Max. :8.0 Max. :7.1 Max. :5.6
O.passion O.agrume O.fruit.confit O.vanille O.boisee
Min. :0.50 Min. :1.0 Min. :0.67 Min. :0.50 Min. :0.33
1st Qu.:0.71 1st Qu.:2.9 1st Qu.:1.12 1st Qu.:0.54 1st Qu.:0.38
Median :1.64 Median :3.5 Median :2.93 Median :0.99 Median :0.93
Mean :1.87 Mean :3.7 Mean :2.58 Mean :1.98 Mean :2.14
3rd Qu.:2.96 3rd Qu.:4.9 3rd Qu.:3.51 3rd Qu.:1.83 3rd Qu.:1.75
Max. :4.00 Max. :5.7 Max. :4.71 Max. :6.29 Max. :7.75
O.champ O.vegetale O.florale O.alcool Typicite.olf.chenin
Min. :0.29 Min. :1.9 Min. :2.8 Min. :1.7 Min. :0.62
1st Qu.:0.33 1st Qu.:3.2 1st Qu.:3.4 1st Qu.:2.7 1st Qu.:2.39
Median :0.89 Median :4.3 Median :3.9 Median :3.2 Median :4.01
Mean :1.12 Mean :4.2 Mean :4.5 Mean :3.1 Mean :3.91
3rd Qu.:1.67 3rd Qu.:4.6 3rd Qu.:5.6 3rd Qu.:3.4 3rd Qu.:5.84
Max. :3.00 Max. :6.5 Max. :6.6 Max. :4.3 Max. :6.83
Int.attaque Sucree Acide Amere Astringence
Min. :5.1 Min. :3.0 Min. :4.4 Min. :2.5 Min. :1.4
1st Qu.:5.5 1st Qu.:3.3 1st Qu.:5.4 1st Qu.:3.8 1st Qu.:2.4
Median :5.8 Median :3.5 Median :5.8 Median :4.1 Median :2.8
Mean :5.8 Mean :3.9 Mean :5.8 Mean :4.0 Mean :2.9
3rd Qu.:6.4 3rd Qu.:3.8 3rd Qu.:6.3 3rd Qu.:4.2 3rd Qu.:3.1
Max. :6.6 Max. :7.9 Max. :6.8 Max. :5.0 Max. :4.2
Fraicheur Oxydation Finesse Persistance.gustative
Min. :4.3 Min. :0.29 Min. :4.1 Min. :4.9
1st Qu.:5.0 1st Qu.:0.43 1st Qu.:4.3 1st Qu.:6.1
Median :5.8 Median :1.08 Median :5.2 Median :6.5
Mean :5.7 Mean :1.39 Mean :5.0 Mean :6.5
3rd Qu.:6.6 3rd Qu.:1.77 3rd Qu.:5.5 3rd Qu.:7.1
Max. :6.9 Max. :4.00 Max. :6.0 Max. :7.3
Persistance.aromatique Int.couleur Nuance.couleur Impression.surface
Min. :5.1 Min. :3.0 Min. :2.4 Min. :2.5
1st Qu.:5.7 1st Qu.:3.7 1st Qu.:3.9 1st Qu.:3.0
Median :6.2 Median :4.6 Median :4.1 Median :3.6
Mean :6.1 Mean :4.9 Mean :4.9 Mean :3.6
3rd Qu.:6.6 3rd Qu.:6.2 3rd Qu.:6.7 3rd Qu.:4.1
Max. :6.7 Max. :7.4 Max. :7.4 Max. :4.8
O.Av.Intensite_E O.Ap.Intensite_E O.Alcool_E O.Vegetale_E O.Champignon_E
Min. :4.4 Min. :5.1 Min. :3.8 Min. :2.9 Min. :2.4
1st Qu.:4.5 1st Qu.:5.4 1st Qu.:4.1 1st Qu.:3.1 1st Qu.:2.7
Median :5.0 Median :5.8 Median :4.4 Median :3.2 Median :2.9
Mean :4.9 Mean :5.7 Mean :4.3 Mean :3.2 Mean :3.3
3rd Qu.:5.2 3rd Qu.:6.0 3rd Qu.:4.5 3rd Qu.:3.3 3rd Qu.:3.1
Max. :5.4 Max. :6.4 Max. :4.7 Max. :3.8 Max. :5.8
O.Fruitpassion_E O.Typicite_E G.Intensite_E Sucree_E Acide_E
Min. :2.7 Min. :4.0 Min. :4.7 Min. :4.0 Min. :4.6
1st Qu.:3.3 1st Qu.:4.8 1st Qu.:5.3 1st Qu.:4.6 1st Qu.:5.0
Median :3.8 Median :5.2 Median :5.5 Median :4.8 Median :5.3
Mean :4.2 Mean :5.1 Mean :5.5 Mean :4.9 Mean :5.3
3rd Qu.:5.0 3rd Qu.:5.5 3rd Qu.:5.5 3rd Qu.:4.9 3rd Qu.:5.5
Max. :6.1 Max. :5.9 Max. :6.4 Max. :6.8 Max. :5.8
Amere_E Astringent_E G.Alcool_E Equilibre_E G.Typicite_E
Min. :3.4 Min. :2.8 Min. :4.8 Min. :3.6 Min. :3.6
1st Qu.:3.6 1st Qu.:3.5 1st Qu.:4.9 1st Qu.:4.2 1st Qu.:4.6
Median :3.9 Median :3.7 Median :5.1 Median :4.5 Median :5.3
Mean :3.9 Mean :3.6 Mean :5.1 Mean :4.5 Mean :5.0
3rd Qu.:4.1 3rd Qu.:3.8 3rd Qu.:5.3 3rd Qu.:4.8 3rd Qu.:5.4
Max. :4.9 Max. :4.0 Max. :5.5 Max. :5.2 Max. :5.8
O.Av.Intensite_C O.Ap.Intensite_C O.Alcool_C O.Vegetale_C O.Champignon_C
Min. :3.5 Min. :5.0 Min. :3.5 Min. :4.0 Min. :2.3
1st Qu.:4.3 1st Qu.:5.3 1st Qu.:4.1 1st Qu.:4.2 1st Qu.:3.7
Median :5.1 Median :5.7 Median :4.3 Median :4.5 Median :4.0
Mean :4.9 Mean :5.7 Mean :4.3 Mean :4.4 Mean :4.1
3rd Qu.:5.5 3rd Qu.:6.1 3rd Qu.:4.6 3rd Qu.:4.6 3rd Qu.:4.6
Max. :5.9 Max. :6.7 Max. :5.1 Max. :5.0 Max. :5.8
O.Fruitpassion_C O.Typicite_C G.Intensite_C Sucree_C Acide_C
Min. :2.9 Min. :3.5 Min. :4.3 Min. :3.6 Min. :4.4
1st Qu.:4.1 1st Qu.:4.2 1st Qu.:4.9 1st Qu.:4.4 1st Qu.:5.0
Median :4.2 Median :4.7 Median :5.2 Median :4.7 Median :5.5
Mean :4.6 Mean :4.5 Mean :5.3 Mean :4.8 Mean :5.4
3rd Qu.:5.0 3rd Qu.:4.9 3rd Qu.:5.6 3rd Qu.:5.2 3rd Qu.:5.8
Max. :7.0 Max. :5.2 Max. :6.5 Max. :6.7 Max. :6.4
Amere_C Astringent_C G.Alcool_C Equilibre_C G.Typicite_C
Min. :3.5 Min. :3.7 Min. :4.4 Min. :4.1 Min. :3.6
1st Qu.:4.6 1st Qu.:4.3 1st Qu.:4.8 1st Qu.:4.3 1st Qu.:4.1
Median :4.9 Median :4.7 Median :5.1 Median :4.7 Median :4.5
Mean :4.9 Mean :4.8 Mean :5.0 Mean :4.7 Mean :4.5
3rd Qu.:5.1 3rd Qu.:5.3 3rd Qu.:5.2 3rd Qu.:5.1 3rd Qu.:4.8
Max. :6.0 Max. :5.7 Max. :5.7 Max. :5.6 Max. :5.6
Juge1 Juge2 Juge3 Juge4 Juge5
Min. :3.0 Min. :2.5 Min. :1.5 Min. :1.0 Min. :1.0
1st Qu.:3.2 1st Qu.:4.0 1st Qu.:2.1 1st Qu.:1.0 1st Qu.:2.6
Median :5.0 Median :4.8 Median :2.5 Median :2.0 Median :3.2
Mean :5.0 Mean :4.4 Mean :2.8 Mean :2.2 Mean :3.1
3rd Qu.:6.0 3rd Qu.:5.0 3rd Qu.:2.9 3rd Qu.:2.8 3rd Qu.:3.9
Max. :8.0 Max. :5.5 Max. :6.0 Max. :6.0 Max. :5.0
Juge6 Juge7 Juge8 Juge9 Juge10
Min. :1.0 Min. :1.5 Min. :1.0 Min. : 1.0 Min. :1.0
1st Qu.:1.6 1st Qu.:3.1 1st Qu.:1.0 1st Qu.: 3.2 1st Qu.:1.2
Median :2.2 Median :3.5 Median :2.0 Median : 5.5 Median :2.0
Mean :2.4 Mean :3.3 Mean :1.9 Mean : 5.5 Mean :2.5
3rd Qu.:2.9 3rd Qu.:4.0 3rd Qu.:2.0 3rd Qu.: 7.8 3rd Qu.:3.5
Max. :4.5 Max. :4.5 Max. :4.0 Max. :10.0 Max. :6.0
Juge11 Juge12 Juge13 Juge14 Juge15
Min. :2.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :4.0 Min. :2.0
1st Qu.:2.1 1st Qu.:2.0 1st Qu.:1.0 1st Qu.:5.1 1st Qu.:3.0
Median :2.5 Median :3.5 Median :1.5 Median :6.0 Median :3.0
Mean :2.9 Mean :4.0 Mean :2.2 Mean :6.0 Mean :3.2
3rd Qu.:2.9 3rd Qu.:5.0 3rd Qu.:2.0 3rd Qu.:6.8 3rd Qu.:3.9
Max. :5.5 Max. :9.0 Max. :6.0 Max. :8.0 Max. :4.5
Juge16 Juge17 Juge18 Juge19 Juge20
Min. :1.0 Min. :1.5 Min. :3.0 Min. :1.5 Min. :1.5
1st Qu.:1.2 1st Qu.:2.1 1st Qu.:3.1 1st Qu.:2.5 1st Qu.:2.6
Median :3.5 Median :2.8 Median :4.8 Median :5.0 Median :3.0
Mean :3.6 Mean :3.1 Mean :4.8 Mean :4.2 Mean :3.1
3rd Qu.:5.8 3rd Qu.:3.9 3rd Qu.:6.0 3rd Qu.:5.5 3rd Qu.:3.5
Max. :7.0 Max. :5.5 Max. :7.5 Max. :7.0 Max. :4.5
Juge21 Juge22 Juge23 Juge24 Juge25
Min. :1.0 Min. :1.5 Min. :1.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :2.0
1st Qu.:1.0 1st Qu.:2.5 1st Qu.:2.0 1st Qu.:1.1 1st Qu.:2.6
Median :1.5 Median :2.5 Median :3.5 Median :2.8 Median :3.5
Mean :1.9 Mean :2.7 Mean :3.1 Mean :2.5 Mean :3.4
3rd Qu.:2.0 3rd Qu.:3.4 3rd Qu.:4.0 3rd Qu.:3.4 3rd Qu.:4.0
Max. :6.0 Max. :4.0 Max. :5.0 Max. :4.5 Max. :5.0
Juge26 Juge27 Juge28 Juge29 Juge30
Min. :2.5 Min. :1.5 Min. :1.5 Min. :1.0 Min. :3.5
1st Qu.:3.0 1st Qu.:1.8 1st Qu.:1.6 1st Qu.:1.5 1st Qu.:4.6
Median :3.8 Median :2.8 Median :2.0 Median :1.8 Median :5.0
Mean :3.9 Mean :2.7 Mean :2.0 Mean :1.9 Mean :6.0
3rd Qu.:4.4 3rd Qu.:3.4 3rd Qu.:2.4 3rd Qu.:2.4 3rd Qu.:7.8
Max. :5.5 Max. :4.0 Max. :2.5 Max. :3.5 Max. :9.0
Juge31 Juge32 Juge33 Juge34 Juge35
Min. :1.5 Min. :1.5 Min. :2.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :3.0
1st Qu.:2.0 1st Qu.:3.0 1st Qu.:5.1 1st Qu.:2.1 1st Qu.:4.0
Median :2.5 Median :4.8 Median :6.0 Median :2.5 Median :4.5
Mean :3.0 Mean :4.8 Mean :5.8 Mean :3.0 Mean :5.0
3rd Qu.:3.4 3rd Qu.:6.2 3rd Qu.:6.9 3rd Qu.:3.9 3rd Qu.:6.0
Max. :7.5 Max. :8.5 Max. :9.5 Max. :5.0 Max. :8.0
Juge36 Juge37 Juge38 Juge39 Juge40
Min. :1.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :1.5 Min. :2.0 Min. :1.5
1st Qu.:1.6 1st Qu.:2.0 1st Qu.:3.5 1st Qu.:2.5 1st Qu.:2.4
Median :3.5 Median :3.5 Median :4.2 Median :3.0 Median :5.2
Mean :2.9 Mean :3.4 Mean :4.2 Mean :3.3 Mean :5.0
3rd Qu.:4.0 3rd Qu.:4.8 3rd Qu.:4.9 3rd Qu.:3.4 3rd Qu.:7.0
Max. :4.0 Max. :6.0 Max. :7.0 Max. :7.5 Max. :8.5
Juge41 Juge42 Juge43 Juge44 Juge45
Min. :2.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :2.0 Min. :2.5 Min. :1.0
1st Qu.:4.2 1st Qu.:2.2 1st Qu.:3.2 1st Qu.:4.0 1st Qu.:1.2
Median :5.0 Median :3.0 Median :5.5 Median :4.5 Median :2.5
Mean :4.8 Mean :2.9 Mean :5.1 Mean :4.8 Mean :3.3
3rd Qu.:5.4 3rd Qu.:3.4 3rd Qu.:6.8 3rd Qu.:5.8 3rd Qu.:5.5
Max. :8.0 Max. :5.0 Max. :8.0 Max. :7.5 Max. :7.0
Juge46 Juge47 Juge48 Juge49 Juge50
Min. :1.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :2.0 Min. :4.5 Min. :4.0
1st Qu.:1.2 1st Qu.:2.4 1st Qu.:3.0 1st Qu.:5.0 1st Qu.:5.0
Median :3.5 Median :4.5 Median :3.2 Median :5.5 Median :5.8
Mean :3.2 Mean :4.1 Mean :3.4 Mean :6.0 Mean :5.5
3rd Qu.:4.0 3rd Qu.:4.9 3rd Qu.:3.5 3rd Qu.:6.8 3rd Qu.:6.0
Max. :7.0 Max. :8.5 Max. :6.0 Max. :8.5 Max. :7.0
Juge51 Juge52 Juge53 Juge54 Juge55
Min. :1.0 Min. :1.5 Min. :1.0 Min. :1.5 Min. :1.0
1st Qu.:2.1 1st Qu.:3.0 1st Qu.:3.0 1st Qu.:4.2 1st Qu.:1.1
Median :3.0 Median :3.5 Median :3.5 Median :6.2 Median :2.5
Mean :2.8 Mean :3.5 Mean :3.5 Mean :5.3 Mean :2.1
3rd Qu.:3.5 3rd Qu.:4.0 3rd Qu.:4.4 3rd Qu.:6.9 3rd Qu.:2.9
Max. :3.5 Max. :6.5 Max. :5.5 Max. :7.5 Max. :3.5
Juge56 Juge57 Juge58 Juge59 Juge60
Min. :1.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :1.0 Min. :1.0
1st Qu.:2.0 1st Qu.:1.6 1st Qu.:1.0 1st Qu.:2.2 1st Qu.:1.2
Median :3.0 Median :2.0 Median :3.0 Median :3.8 Median :2.0
Mean :3.3 Mean :2.0 Mean :3.3 Mean :3.6 Mean :2.7
3rd Qu.:4.0 3rd Qu.:2.0 3rd Qu.:4.8 3rd Qu.:4.9 3rd Qu.:3.8
Max. :7.0 Max. :4.0 Max. :8.0 Max. :6.0 Max. :6.0
L’AFM avec groupe supplémentaire
Valeurs propres et inertie expliquée (ACP globale AFM)



| Axe_1 | Axe_2 | Plan_1_2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| V Aub Silex | 0.309 | 0.550 | 0.858 |
| V Font Coteaux | 0.815 | 0.009 | 0.825 |
| S Renaudie | 0.346 | 0.474 | 0.819 |
| S Trotignon | 0.350 | 0.432 | 0.782 |
| V Aub Marigny | 0.746 | 0.013 | 0.759 |
| S Michaud | 0.276 | 0.212 | 0.487 |
| V Font Domaine | 0.240 | 0.234 | 0.474 |
| S Buisse Domaine | 0.392 | 0.080 | 0.472 |
| V Font Brûlés | 0.168 | 0.244 | 0.412 |
| S Buisse Cristal | 0.000 | 0.046 | 0.046 |


| Dim_1 | Dim_2 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| V Aub Silex | 13.831 | 42.873 | 56.704 |
| V Font Coteaux | 29.586 | 0.589 | 30.174 |
| S Trotignon | 8.238 | 17.692 | 25.930 |
| V Aub Marigny | 23.857 | 0.723 | 24.580 |
| S Renaudie | 5.942 | 14.173 | 20.116 |
| S Michaud | 5.333 | 7.122 | 12.455 |
| V Font Brûlés | 2.952 | 7.453 | 10.404 |
| V Font Domaine | 3.528 | 5.975 | 9.503 |
| S Buisse Domaine | 6.733 | 2.384 | 9.117 |
| S Buisse Cristal | 0.000 | 1.018 | 1.018 |




| Axe_1 | Axe_2 | Plan_1_2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| O.Alcool_E | 0.286 | 0.658 | 0.944 |
| G.Typicite_E | 0.928 | 0.004 | 0.932 |
| O.Fruitpassion_E | 0.555 | 0.340 | 0.895 |
| Nuance.couleur | 0.723 | 0.162 | 0.886 |
| Equilibre_E | 0.701 | 0.178 | 0.880 |
| Typicite.olf.chenin | 0.273 | 0.605 | 0.878 |
| O.passion | 0.353 | 0.510 | 0.863 |
| Sucree_E | 0.470 | 0.381 | 0.851 |
| O.fruit.confit | 0.479 | 0.367 | 0.846 |
| O.vanille | 0.843 | 0.000 | 0.843 |
| Fraicheur | 0.276 | 0.560 | 0.837 |
| Amere_C | 0.681 | 0.152 | 0.833 |
| Impression.surface | 0.573 | 0.259 | 0.832 |
| O.Alcool_C | 0.249 | 0.577 | 0.826 |
| Sucree_C | 0.604 | 0.219 | 0.823 |
| Int.av.agitation | 0.194 | 0.626 | 0.820 |
| Acide_E | 0.718 | 0.089 | 0.806 |
| O.florale | 0.522 | 0.249 | 0.771 |
| Amere_E | 0.766 | 0.003 | 0.770 |
| G.Intensite_C | 0.740 | 0.030 | 0.770 |
| O.Fruitpassion_C | 0.504 | 0.263 | 0.767 |
| O.Av.Intensite_E | 0.028 | 0.737 | 0.765 |
| O.vegetale | 0.647 | 0.112 | 0.759 |
| O.boisee | 0.758 | 0.000 | 0.758 |
| Int.attaque | 0.054 | 0.699 | 0.753 |
| Int.ap.agitation | 0.171 | 0.580 | 0.751 |
| O.Vegetale_E | 0.013 | 0.738 | 0.751 |
| O.Typicite_E | 0.746 | 0.004 | 0.750 |
| O.agrume | 0.531 | 0.212 | 0.743 |
| Astringent_E | 0.465 | 0.273 | 0.738 |
| Expression | 0.025 | 0.693 | 0.718 |
| Int.couleur | 0.570 | 0.127 | 0.697 |
| G.Alcool_E | 0.684 | 0.000 | 0.684 |
| O.Av.Intensite_C | 0.283 | 0.393 | 0.676 |
| G.Typicite_C | 0.642 | 0.030 | 0.673 |
| Astringence | 0.654 | 0.009 | 0.664 |
| Sucree | 0.110 | 0.552 | 0.661 |
| O.Champignon_E | 0.648 | 0.010 | 0.658 |
| O.champ | 0.245 | 0.387 | 0.632 |
| Acide | 0.001 | 0.605 | 0.606 |
| Oxydation | 0.168 | 0.413 | 0.581 |
| G.Intensite_E | 0.578 | 0.002 | 0.580 |
| Amere | 0.354 | 0.217 | 0.571 |
| O.alcool | 0.559 | 0.000 | 0.559 |
| O.Typicite_C | 0.485 | 0.050 | 0.535 |
| G.Alcool_C | 0.515 | 0.007 | 0.522 |
| O.Ap.Intensite_C | 0.150 | 0.321 | 0.471 |
| Acide_C | 0.439 | 0.020 | 0.459 |
| O.Champignon_C | 0.442 | 0.001 | 0.444 |
| O.Ap.Intensite_E | 0.072 | 0.331 | 0.404 |
| Astringent_C | 0.249 | 0.150 | 0.399 |
| Equilibre_C | 0.359 | 0.011 | 0.370 |
| O.Vegetale_C | 0.036 | 0.321 | 0.357 |
| Persistance.aromatique | 0.174 | 0.180 | 0.354 |
| Persistance.gustative | 0.165 | 0.118 | 0.283 |
| O.fruit | 0.097 | 0.004 | 0.102 |
| Finesse | 0.051 | 0.047 | 0.098 |


| Dim_1 | Dim_2 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| O.Alcool_E | 1.354 | 5.428 | 6.782 |
| O.Alcool_C | 1.296 | 5.238 | 6.534 |
| O.Av.Intensite_E | 0.134 | 6.074 | 6.209 |
| O.Vegetale_E | 0.060 | 6.087 | 6.147 |
| O.Fruitpassion_E | 2.628 | 2.801 | 5.429 |
| Sucree_E | 2.225 | 3.141 | 5.366 |
| Sucree_C | 3.150 | 1.986 | 5.136 |
| O.Av.Intensite_C | 1.475 | 3.566 | 5.042 |
| O.Fruitpassion_C | 2.627 | 2.389 | 5.016 |
| Amere_C | 3.547 | 1.383 | 4.930 |
| Equilibre_E | 3.321 | 1.471 | 4.791 |
| Astringent_E | 2.205 | 2.250 | 4.455 |
| G.Typicite_E | 4.394 | 0.036 | 4.430 |
| Typicite.olf.chenin | 0.869 | 3.353 | 4.222 |
| Acide_E | 3.398 | 0.730 | 4.129 |
| G.Intensite_C | 3.855 | 0.271 | 4.126 |
| Int.av.agitation | 0.619 | 3.469 | 4.088 |
| Int.attaque | 0.173 | 3.876 | 4.049 |
| Fraicheur | 0.881 | 3.106 | 3.987 |
| O.passion | 1.123 | 2.830 | 3.953 |
| Expression | 0.079 | 3.843 | 3.922 |
| Int.ap.agitation | 0.546 | 3.215 | 3.761 |
| O.Ap.Intensite_C | 0.780 | 2.913 | 3.692 |
| Amere_E | 3.630 | 0.028 | 3.658 |
| G.Typicite_C | 3.348 | 0.276 | 3.624 |
| O.Typicite_E | 3.532 | 0.037 | 3.569 |
| O.fruit.confit | 1.526 | 2.037 | 3.563 |
| Sucree | 0.350 | 3.058 | 3.408 |
| Acide | 0.002 | 3.355 | 3.357 |
| Impression.surface | 1.827 | 1.435 | 3.261 |
| G.Alcool_E | 3.240 | 0.001 | 3.242 |
| Nuance.couleur | 2.303 | 0.900 | 3.203 |
| O.Champignon_E | 3.070 | 0.082 | 3.152 |
| O.Vegetale_C | 0.188 | 2.909 | 3.097 |
| O.Ap.Intensite_E | 0.343 | 2.732 | 3.076 |
| O.florale | 1.663 | 1.382 | 3.045 |
| O.Typicite_C | 2.528 | 0.449 | 2.978 |
| O.champ | 0.781 | 2.147 | 2.927 |
| O.agrume | 1.690 | 1.175 | 2.865 |
| Oxydation | 0.534 | 2.292 | 2.826 |
| G.Intensite_E | 2.738 | 0.020 | 2.758 |
| G.Alcool_C | 2.685 | 0.061 | 2.746 |
| O.vanille | 2.684 | 0.000 | 2.684 |
| O.vegetale | 2.061 | 0.618 | 2.679 |
| Astringent_C | 1.298 | 1.359 | 2.657 |
| Int.couleur | 1.815 | 0.703 | 2.518 |
| Acide_C | 2.287 | 0.182 | 2.469 |
| O.boisee | 2.414 | 0.001 | 2.415 |
| Amere | 1.128 | 1.205 | 2.333 |
| O.Champignon_C | 2.305 | 0.013 | 2.317 |
| Astringence | 2.084 | 0.052 | 2.136 |
| Equilibre_C | 1.872 | 0.096 | 1.968 |
| O.alcool | 1.782 | 0.000 | 1.782 |
| Persistance.aromatique | 0.554 | 0.998 | 1.553 |
| Persistance.gustative | 0.525 | 0.657 | 1.182 |
| Finesse | 0.163 | 0.258 | 0.421 |
| O.fruit | 0.310 | 0.023 | 0.333 |
Formulation mathématique
v_1 = \operatorname*{argmax}_{\|v\|=1} \sum_{j=1}^p \operatorname{cov}^2(v, x_{\cdot, j})
\begin{aligned}v_1 &= \operatorname*{argmax}_{\|v\|=1} \sum_{k=1}^K \sum_{j=1}^{J_k} \operatorname{cov}^2\left(v, \tfrac{x_{:, (k,j)}}{\sqrt{\lambda_1^{(k)}}}\right) \\ & = \operatorname*{argmax}_{\|v\|=1} \sum_{k=1}^K \frac{1}{\lambda_1^{(k)}} \sum_{j=1}^{J_k} \operatorname{cov}^2(v, x_{:, (k,j)})\end{aligned}
Propriété de borne supérieure (Équilibre inter-groupes)
Soit I_k(v) = \sum_{j=1}^{J_k} \text{cov}^2(v, x_{:, (k,j)}) définie pour tout v\in\mathbb{R}^J tel que \|v\|=1. L’inertie du groupe k projetée sur la direction v, est
0 \le \mathcal{L}_g(k,v) = \frac{I_k(v)}{\lambda_1^{(k)}} \le 1
Interprétations,
Conséquences :

Les inerties projetées
| Dim1 | Dim2 | |
|---|---|---|
| Expert | 0.815 | 0.706 |
| Étudiant | 0.970 | 0.475 |
| Consommateur | 0.889 | 0.355 |
La somme des inerties des groupes actifs = inertie de l’axe 1 de l’AFM
\mathcal{L}_g(k, k') = \sum_{j=1}^{J_k} \sum_{j'=1}^{J_{k'}} \text{cov}^2\left( \tfrac{x_{:,(k,j)}}{\sqrt{\lambda_1^{(k)}}}, \tfrac{x_{:,(k',j')}}{\sqrt{\lambda_1^{(k')}}} \right) = \tfrac{1}{\lambda_1^{(k)} \lambda_1^{(k')}} \sum_{j=1}^{J_k} \sum_{j'=1}^{J_{k'}} \text{cov}^2\left(x_{:,(k,j)}, x_{:,(k',j')}\right)
Interprétation des bornes du RV \in [0; 1]
Alors que les termes hors-diagonale \mathcal{L}_g(k, k') mesurent la liaison entre deux groupes distincts, les termes diagonaux \mathcal{L}_g(k, k) caractérisent la structure interne du groupe k :
\mathcal{L}_g(k, k) = \frac{1}{\left(\lambda_1^{(k)}\right)^2} \sum_{j=1}^{J_k} \left(\lambda_j^{(k)}\right)^2 = 1 + \sum_{j=2}^{J_k} \left(\frac{\lambda_j^{(k)}}{\lambda_1^{(k)}}\right)^2
Propriétés clés de \mathcal{L}_g(k, k)
Questions d’intérêt
Pour que ce soit pertinent, on doit comparer les profils d’individus des groupes dans un espace commun. On va les comparer dans l’espace obtenu par l’AFM.
Définition
Pour chaque groupe \kappa de variables, on note X^{(\kappa)} la matrice des individus partiels, construite à partir de X comme suit :
X_{i,(k,j)}^{(\kappa)} = \begin{cases} x_{i,(k,j)} & \text{si } k = \kappa, \\ 0 & \text{sinon.} \end{cases}
| Groupe A | Groupe B | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| var 1 | var 2 | var 3 | var 1 | var 2 | |
| Individu 1 | x_{1,(A,1)} | x_{1,(A,2)} | x_{1,(A,3)} | x_{1,(B,1)} | x_{1,(B,2)} |
| Individu partiel A | x_{1,(A,1)} | x_{1,(A,2)} | x_{1,(A,3)} | 0 | 0 |
| Individu partiel B | 0 | 0 | 0 | x_{1,(B,1)} | x_{1,(B,2)} |

On projette les individus partiels supplémentaires1 dans le plan principal, et on observe leur position par rapportaux individus associés :
V Aub Silex a été jugé bien plus extrêmes par Conso que par Expert, relativement à la première direction ;
S Michaud a été jugé plus extrêmes par Expert que par Conso, relativement à la deuxième direction
Il y a peu d’écart pour les points partiels de Etudiant.
Décomposition
\begin{aligned}\text{Inertie}_{\text{tot}, r} & = \text{Inertie}_{\text{inter}, r} + \text{Inertie}_{\text{intra}, r} \\ \sum_{i=1}^n \sum_{k=1}^K \left( C_r^{(\text{ind}, k)}(i) \right)^2 & = K \sum_{i=1}^n \left( C_r^{(\text{ind})}(i) \right)^2 + \sum_{i=1}^n \sum_{k=1}^K \left( C_r^{(\text{ind}, k)}(i) - C_r^{(\text{ind})}(i) \right)^2\end{aligned}
avec :
À partir de ces inerties, on peut étudier les écarts entre les points partiels et les points moyens associés.

\frac{\text{Inertie}_{\text{inter}, 1}}{\text{Inertie}_{\text{tot}, 1}}
| data | |
|---|---|
| Dim.1 | 0.928 |
| Dim.2 | 0.818 |
| Dim.3 | 0.777 |
Les coordonnées des points partiels selon la 1ère direction sont globalement proches de celles de leur point moyen.
On peut s’intéresser aux individus avec de grandes inerties intra pour avoir des informations plus précises sur les différences entre les groupes.

| Dim.1 | Dim.2 | |
|---|---|---|
| V Aub Silex | 40.078 | 3.314 |
V Aub Silex pour la 1ère direction est très élevée: plus fortes différences entre les groupes selon cette direction.| Dim.1 | Dim.2 | |
|---|---|---|
| V Aub Silex .Expert | 17.470 | 2.005 |
| V Aub Silex .Étudiant | 0.296 | 0.101 |
| V Aub Silex .Consommateur | 22.312 | 1.208 |
Expert et Conso.
| Dim.1 | Dim.2 | |
|---|---|---|
| S Michaud | 3.979 | 32.333 |
S Michaud pour la 2ème direction est très élevée: plus fortes différences entre les groupes selon cette direction.| Dim.1 | Dim.2 | |
|---|---|---|
| S Michaud .Expert | 2.432 | 13.542 |
| S Michaud .Étudiant | 1.408 | 0.374 |
| S Michaud .Consommateur | 0.139 | 18.417 |
Expert et Conso.Comment comparer l’AFM (= ACP globale pondérée) avec les ACPs de chacun des groupes ?
Projection des composantes principales : On met en œuvre une méthode similaire à celle des individus partiels : - On effectue pour chaque groupe une ACP classique ; - On extrait les (premières) composantes principales des ACPs ; - On projette ces composantes en tant que variable supplémentaire
Etudiant coincident avec celle de l’AFM (voir Section 3.3)Variables actives : L’interprétation des axes s’appuie, comme en ACP/ACM, sur :
Variables supplémentaires : Elles sont projetées dans les plans principaux de l’AFM sans participer à la construction des axes :
Variables quantitatives: note pour chaque vin


Variable qualitative: Sauvignon ou Vouvray


Données qualitatives : L’AFM s’étend naturellement aux tableaux composés de variables qualitatives : - L’ACM (Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances Multiples) remplace l’ACP dans l’étape préalable d’analyse groupe par groupe. - La pondération du groupe j reste définie par w_j = \frac{1}{\lambda_1^{(j)}}, où \lambda_1^{(j)} est la première valeur propre de l’ACM de ce groupe.
Données mixtes : L’AFM permet de traiter simultanément des groupes d’actives quantitatives et qualitatives :